{"id":2971,"date":"2020-01-06T19:10:28","date_gmt":"2020-01-06T18:10:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/?p=2971"},"modified":"2021-02-12T16:18:55","modified_gmt":"2021-02-12T15:18:55","slug":"zacina-serial-o-nas-skalicke-priezviska","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/zacina-serial-o-nas-skalicke-priezviska\/","title":{"rendered":"Skalick\u00e9 priezvisk\u00e1 I &#8211; Za\u010d\u00edna seri\u00e1l o n\u00e1s"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>Aj pri malej ve\u013ekosti a\u00a0po\u010dte obyvate\u013eov na\u0161ej krajiny si nevieme dos\u0165 dobre predstavi\u0165, \u017ee by sme sa dok\u00e1zali v\u00a0r\u00f4znych dokumentoch, zoznamoch i\u00a0\u017eivote odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165, keby sme nemali priezvisk\u00e1. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu rados\u0165 z\u00a0priezvisk maj\u00fa asi po\u0161t\u00e1rky. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O to nepochopite\u013enej\u0161ie je, ako to po\u0161t\u00e1rky rie\u0161ia napr\u00edklad na Islande. Sme zvyknut\u00ed na to, \u017ee v absol\u00fatnej v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov m\u00e1 cel\u00e1 rodina rovnak\u00e9 priezvisko, inak si to nevieme predstavi\u0165. Na spom\u00ednanom Islande v\u0161ak po svadbe man\u017eelka nepreber\u00e1 meno svojho man\u017eela a ich deti maj\u00fa priezvisko utvoren\u00e9 z krstn\u00e9ho mena otca, ku ktor\u00e9mu sa pripoj\u00ed -son, ke\u010f je to syn, alebo -d\u00f3ttir, ke\u010f je to dc\u00e9ra. Teda, ak sa Gustavovi Olafssonovi a Kristin Ericssd\u00f3ttir narod\u00ed dc\u00e9ra Alma, tak sa bude vola\u0165 Alma Gustavsd\u00f3ttir. A tak sa rodi\u010dia volaj\u00fa inak, dc\u00e9ry inak, synovia inak. Bu\u010fme radi aspo\u0148 v\u00a0tomto pr\u00edpade, \u017ee ne\u017eijeme na Islande.<\/p>\n<p>Ani u\u00a0n\u00e1s v\u0161ak neboli priezvisk\u00e1 s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou mena odnepam\u00e4ti. O\u00a0tom, ako sme pri\u0161li k\u00a0priezvisk\u00e1m, bude v\u00a0na\u0161om novom seri\u00e1li \u010dl\u00e1nkov rozpr\u00e1va\u0165 <strong>geneal\u00f3g, skalick\u00fd rod\u00e1k a\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00fd pracovn\u00edk Z\u00e1horsk\u00e9ho m\u00fazea, Vladim\u00edr Petrovi\u010d<\/strong>. V\u00a0prvej \u010dasti pribli\u017euje vo v\u0161eobecnosti problematiku priezvisk na na\u0161om \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0na\u0161ej hist\u00f3rii a\u00a0v\u00a0nadv\u00e4zuj\u00facej s\u00e9rii textov na pokra\u010dovanie sa bude venova\u0165 p\u00f4vodu a\u00a0hist\u00f3rii najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch priezvisk priamo zo Skalice.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1>Ako n\u00e1m pri\u0161li na meno<\/h1>\n<p>Priezvisk\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 dnes be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvame a identifikuj\u00fa n\u00e1s v spolo\u010dnosti, za\u010dali vznika\u0165 postupne, najsk\u00f4r u \u0161\u013eachty v podobe pr\u00eddomkov. Prv\u00e9 tak\u00e9to pr\u00eddomky sa objavili v Eur\u00f3pe v 9. storo\u010d\u00ed v Ben\u00e1tkach. Odtia\u013e sa ich pou\u017e\u00edvanie roz\u0161\u00edrilo po celom severnom Taliansku a do ju\u017en\u00e9ho Franc\u00fazka (v 10. storo\u010d\u00ed), v 11. storo\u010d\u00ed \u010falej do Katal\u00e1nska, severn\u00e9ho Franc\u00fazka a n\u00e1sledne v 12. storo\u010d\u00ed do Anglicka a \u0160vaj\u010diarska. V\u00a0strednej Eur\u00f3pe sa pr\u00eddomky, resp. priezvisk\u00e1, objavuj\u00fa v\u00a014. storo\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0ich rozvoj nastal v\u00a015. storo\u010d\u00ed. Tie\u017e najsk\u00f4r u\u00a0\u0161\u013eachty, potom u\u00a0me\u0161\u0165anov a\u00a0slobodn\u00fdch sedliakov. V\u00fdvoj spolo\u010dnosti a\u00a0zdokona\u013eovanie verejnej spr\u00e1vy si vy\u017eadovalo presn\u00fa evidenciu os\u00f4b.<\/p>\n<p>Aj tieto pr\u00ed\u010diny viedli k\u00a0usta\u013eovaniu pou\u017e\u00edvania priezvisk. S\u00faviselo to najm\u00e4 s\u00a0potrebou rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 obyvate\u013eov v\u00a0r\u00f4znych da\u0148ov\u00fdch a\u00a0hospod\u00e1rskych s\u00fapisoch. V\u00a016. storo\u010d\u00ed u\u017e priezvisko pou\u017e\u00edvala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina obyvate\u013eov. Nebolo v\u0161ak pr\u00edsne dedi\u010dn\u00e9. St\u00e1valo sa, \u017ee na deti sa \u201enalepilo\u201c in\u00e9 priezvisko. Dedi\u010dn\u00e9 priezvisk\u00e1 sa vyv\u00edjali postupne z\u00a0nededi\u010dn\u00fdch priezvisk, ktor\u00fdmi sa odli\u0161ovali \u013eudia rovnak\u00e9ho mena v\u00a0obciach, \u010di mest\u00e1ch. Samotn\u00e9 slovo priezvisko (\u010desky p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed) nazna\u010duje druhotn\u00fd vz\u0165ah k\u00a0osobn\u00e9mu menu, preto\u017ee st\u00e1lo v\u017edy len \u201epri mene\u201c a\u00a0dop\u013a\u0148alo ho. Na v\u00fdzname z\u00edskavalo a\u017e vo chv\u00edli, ak ozna\u010denie osobn\u00fdm menom nesta\u010dilo k\u00a0odl\u00ed\u0161eniu os\u00f4b.<\/p>\n<h3>KA\u017dD\u00dd M\u00c1ME RIADOK V MATRIKE<\/h3>\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edvanie priezvisk podporil aj fakt, \u017ee v r\u00edmskokatol\u00edckej cirkvi boli zaveden\u00e9 eviden\u010dn\u00e9 knihy \u2013 matriky a to na z\u00e1klade predpisu Tridentsk\u00e9ho koncilu, ktor\u00fd rokoval o reforme man\u017eelsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va. Tento sa na svojom 24. seden\u00ed v novembri 1563 uzniesol, \u017ee far\u00e1ri musia ma\u0165 knihu, do ktorej zap\u00ed\u0161u men\u00e1 sn\u00fabencov, svedkov a de\u0148 a miesto sob\u00e1\u0161a. Nariadenie o veden\u00ed krstn\u00fdch matr\u00edk zasa s\u00faviselo s krstn\u00fdmi rodi\u010dmi a stalo sa tak rozhodnut\u00edm p\u00e1pe\u017ea Pia V. \u201eInter Omnes\u201c z j\u00fana 1566. Pri krstn\u00fdch z\u00e1pisoch malo figurova\u0165 meno a priezvisko krsten\u00e9ho a men\u00e1 a priezvisk\u00e1 krstn\u00fdch rodi\u010dov. Tieto nariadenia sa v\u0161ak do praxe dost\u00e1vali ve\u013emi pomaly.<\/p>\n<p>Obrat nast\u00e1va a\u017e v priebehu prvej polovice 17. storo\u010dia, \u010do s\u00faviselo s tlakom cirkevnej vrchnosti na zavedenie t\u00fdchto matr\u00edk. R\u00edmsky ritu\u00e1l z roku 1614 zaviedol aj \u00famrtn\u00e9 matriky, aj s uk\u00e1\u017ekou z\u00e1pisov. V priebehu prvej polovice 17. storo\u010dia s\u00fa matriky na far\u00e1ch aj skuto\u010dne veden\u00e9. Z\u00e1pisy do nich v\u0161ak boli zaznamen\u00e1van\u00e9 s r\u00f4znou d\u00f4slednos\u0165ou a v\u017edy to z\u00e1viselo na osobnosti k\u0148aza. Najstar\u0161ie matriky boli veden\u00e9 latinsky. Patentmi cis\u00e1ra Jozefa II. z\u00a0rokov 1781 a\u00a01784 boli matriky vyhl\u00e1sen\u00e9 za \u00faradn\u00e9 knihy. Cis\u00e1r ustanovil, \u017ee k\u0148azi s\u00fa povinn\u00ed vies\u0165 tri druhy matr\u00edk \u2013 pokrsten\u00fdch, sob\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch a\u00a0zomret\u00fdch. Jozefovi II. v\u010fa\u010d\u00edme i\u00a0za to, \u017ee sa pou\u017e\u00edvanie priezvisk stalo povinn\u00fdm. Nariadil to Patentom z\u00a01. 11. 1786. V\u00a0roku 1895 boli zaveden\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1tne matriky.<\/p>\n<h3>ANI MENO NIE JE NEMENN\u00c9<\/h3>\n<p>St\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, ktor\u00fdm priezvisk\u00e1 pre\u0161li, zanechal svoje stopy a v priezvisk\u00e1ch sa odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa nielen hl\u00e1skoslovn\u00e9, morfologick\u00e9 a lexik\u00e1lne zmeny, ale aj spolo\u010densk\u00e9, ktor\u00fdmi n\u00e1rod prech\u00e1dzal. Medzi priezviskami sa vyskytuj\u00fa aj tak\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 vznikli zo slov u\u017e storo\u010dia nepou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch, preto\u017ee ozna\u010dovali funkcie a veci, ktor\u00e9 z be\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota u\u017e vymizli, alebo svoj v\u00fdznam zmenili. V\u00fdznam priezvisk, ktor\u00fdch p\u00f4vod nevieme objasni\u0165, n\u00e1m mnohokr\u00e1t pom\u00f4\u017ee zisti\u0165 etymol\u00f3gia \u2013 veda, zaoberaj\u00faca sa p\u00f4vodom a prvotn\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom slov. Niektor\u00e9 priezvisk\u00e1 si m\u00f4\u017eeme vylo\u017ei\u0165 nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi, pod\u013ea toho kedy a kde vznikali. V\u00fdklad nie je v\u017edy stopercentn\u00fd a \u010dasto sa mus\u00edme uspokoji\u0165 iba s alternat\u00edvou vzniku \u2013 dohadom, ale v\u017edy mus\u00ed by\u0165 t\u00e1to alternat\u00edva opret\u00e1 o znalos\u0165 v\u00fdvoja jazyka a najm\u00e4 kult\u00farno historick\u00fdch re\u00e1li\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>\u010cO TO O\u00a0N\u00c1S HOVOR\u00cd?<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina priezvisk vznikla spont\u00e1nne a\u00a0boli vyu\u017eit\u00e9 r\u00f4zne aspekty \u017eivota, \u010di u\u017e zamestnanie (Kov\u00e1\u010d, Koll\u00e1r, Drot\u00e1r, Pek\u00e1r, Uhliarik, Knih\u00e1r), teritori\u00e1lny p\u00f4vod (Kurimsk\u00fd, Trstensk\u00fd, Pardubsk\u00fd, Biks\u00e1d, Kovalovsk\u00fd, Vrchovsk\u00fd), n\u00e1rodnos\u0165 a\u00a0etnicita (T\u00f3th, Chorv\u00e1t, Slov\u00e1k, Cig\u00e1n, \u010cech), \u0161pecifick\u00e9 vlastnosti \u010dloveka, podobn\u00e9 r\u00f4znym druhom zvierat a\u00a0rastl\u00edn (Li\u0161ka, Mravec, Stehl\u00edk, Trnka, \u0160pa\u010dek, Baran, Jedli\u010dka, Petr\u017eelka, Petr\u017eala), viz\u00e1\u017e a\u00a0vlastnosti \u010dloveka (Tr\u00faba, Blaha, Hladk\u00fd, Ok\u00e1\u010d, Kalivoda, Belaj, Nejeschleba), majetnos\u0165 a\u00a0spolo\u010densk\u00e9 postavenie (\u017deliar, Gazda, Bohat\u00fd), ale i\u00a0mnoho in\u00fdch, ako napr\u00edklad od otcovsk\u00e9ho mena (Marek, Iv\u00e1nek, Michalovi\u010d, Hurban, Mach\u00e1\u010dek, Pavelka, Petrovi\u010d, Urban\u010d\u00edk), \u010di predmetov dennej potreby (Bedn\u00e1rik, Obrtl\u00edk, Be\u010dka, Z\u00e1ruba, Bar\u00e1k, Hreb\u00ed\u010dek). T\u00fdmi skalick\u00fdmi sa budeme zaobera\u0165 v\u00a0nasleduj\u00facich \u010dastiach.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Aj pri malej ve\u013ekosti a\u00a0po\u010dte obyvate\u013eov na\u0161ej krajiny si nevieme dos\u0165 dobre predstavi\u0165, \u017ee by sme sa dok\u00e1zali v\u00a0r\u00f4znych dokumentoch, zoznamoch i\u00a0\u017eivote odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165, keby sme nemali priezvisk\u00e1. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu rados\u0165 z\u00a0priezvisk maj\u00fa asi po\u0161t\u00e1rky. O to <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/zacina-serial-o-nas-skalicke-priezviska\/\" title=\"Skalick\u00e9 priezvisk\u00e1 I &#8211; Za\u010d\u00edna seri\u00e1l o n\u00e1s\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":17,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2971","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-skalicke-priezviska"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2971"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2971\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4209,"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2971\/revisions\/4209"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/skalickyobzor.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}